If you regularly experience nosebleeds, you might dismiss them as a mere nuisance. However, medical experts caution that while most are harmless, they are not a normal occurrence in a healthy nose. We delve into the causes, treatments, and crucial warning signs that warrant a doctor's visit.
Understanding the Two Types of Nosebleeds
Medically termed epistaxis, nosebleeds fall into two categories. Anterior nosebleeds are the most common, accounting for about 90% of cases. These originate from a delicate network of blood vessels at the front of the nose, known as Kiesselbach's plexus. Bleeding is typically from one nostril and may trickle into the throat.
Posterior nosebleeds are far less common but more serious. They involve larger vessels deeper in the nasal cavity, causing significant blood flow down the back of the throat. This type is more prevalent in older adults, particularly those on blood-thinning medication, and requires immediate medical attention.
Common Causes and Immediate First Aid
Dry air is a leading culprit, especially during winter when indoor heating reduces humidity. Experts recommend using a humidifier or saline sprays to keep nasal passages moist. Another frequent cause is minor trauma from nose picking or scratching.
Other factors include inflammation from allergies or infections, strenuous exercise, and certain medications. Blood thinners, aspirin, and even herbal supplements like ginseng and ginkgo can increase bleeding risk.
When a bleed starts, avoid the instinct to tilt your head back. This can cause you to swallow blood, leading to nausea. Instead, lean forward, pinch the soft part of your nose firmly, and apply a cold compress. If bleeding is frequent, prolonged (over 30 minutes), or heavy, seek clinical evaluation.
When Frequent Nosebleeds Signal a Deeper Problem
While often benign, persistent episodes should not be ignored. Daily unexplained nosebleeds are a clear sign to consult a doctor. They can indicate underlying issues such as blood clotting disorders, hormonal changes during pregnancy, or, in rare cases, genetic conditions like Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT).
A significant red flag is frequent unilateral nosebleeds – bleeding consistently from one nostril. This pattern, especially if accompanied by facial pain, congestion, or vision changes on the same side, can signal a nasal polyp or tumour and must be investigated promptly.
Medical Treatments for Persistent Bleeds
For nosebleeds that don't respond to home care, doctors have several options. After a thorough examination to locate the source, common treatments include nasal packing with a special tampon or cauterisation of the bleeding vessel. Blood tests may be ordered to check for anaemia or clotting issues, and in cases of significant blood loss, a transfusion may be necessary.
